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Table 1 Characteristics at diagnosis of patients with incident gout between 2006 and 2009

From: Incident gout and chronic Kidney Disease: healthcare utilization and survival

 

All gout patients

Gout patients without CKD

Gout patients with CKD

p-valuec

Total

12,940

8286

4654

 

Died during follow-up, n (%)

3421 (26.4%)

1110 (13.4%)

2311 (49.7%)

< 0.001

Person-years

57,206

39,014

18,192

 

Age (years)

 Mean ± SD

63.8 ± 15.6

58.1 ± 14.7

74.0 ± 11.3

< 0.001

 IQR 25–75

53–76

48–69

68–82

 

Age, n (%)

   

< 0.001

 25–34 years

621 (4.8%)

590 (7.1%)

31 (0.7%)

 

 35–44 years

992 (7.7%)

940 (11.3%)

52 (1.1%)

 

 45–54 years

1924 (14.9%)

1740 (21.0%)

184 (4.0%)

 

 55–64 years

2799 (21.6%)

2210 (26.7%)

589 (12.7%)

 

 65–74 years

2917 (22.5%)

1637 (19.8%)

1280 (27.5%)

 

 75–84 years

2739 (21.2%)

946 (11.4%)

1793 (38.5%)

 

 85+ years

948 (7.3%)

223 (2.7%)

725 (15.6%)

 

Sex, n (%)

   

< 0.001

 Male

9819 (75.9%)

6634 (80.1%)

3185 (68.4%)

 

 Female

3121 (24.1%)

1652 (19.9%)

1469 (31.6%)

 

Socio-economic status, n (%)

   

< 0.001

 Low

2495 (19.3%)

1728 (20.9%)

767 (16.5%)

 

 Medium

5717 (44.2%)

3582 (43.2%)

2135 (45.9%)

 

 High

4651 (35.9%)

2913 (35.1%)

1738 (37.3%)

 

 Missing

77 (0.6%)

63 (0.8%)

14 (0.3%)

 

Smoking habits, n (%)

   

< 0.001

 Never smoker

7652 (59.1%)

4818 (58.2%)

2834 (60.9%)

 

 Former smoker

3346 (25.9%)

2025 (24.4%)

1321 (28.4%)

 

 Current

1628 (12.6%)

1313 (15.8%)

315 (6.8%)

 

 Missing

314 (2.4%)

130 (1.6%)

184 (4.0%)

 

BMI (kg/m2), n (%)

   

< 0.001

 Underweight

60 (0.5%)

35 (0.4%)

25 (0.5%)

 

 Normal

2013 (15.6%)

1095 (13.2%)

918 (19.7%)

 

 Overweight

4794 (37.0%)

3097 (37.4%)

1697 (36.5%)

 

 Obese

5559 (43.0%)

3755 (45.3%)

1804 (38.8%)

 

 Missing

514 (4.0%)

304 (3.7%)

210 (4.5%)

 

Comorbid condition at index date, n (%)

 CVD

4968 (38.4%)

2070 (25.0%)

2898 (62.3%)

< 0.001

 Diabetes

3743 (28.9%)

1883 (22.7%)

1860 (40.0%)

< 0.001

 Hypertension

8494 (65.6%)

4367 (52.7%)

4127 (88.7%)

< 0.001

 Cancer

1571 (12.1%)

696 (8.4%)

875 (18.8%)

< 0.001

CCI

 Mean ± SD

2.1 ± 2.3

1.2 ± 1.5

3.6 ± 2.7

< 0.001

 IQR 25–75

0–3

0–2

2–5

 

CCI, n (%)

   

< 0.001

 0

3987 (30.9%)

3473 (42.0%)

513 (11.0%)

 

 1

2985 (23.1%)

2376 (28.7%)

609 (13.1%)

 

 2

1853 (14.3%)

1168 (14.1%)

685 (14.7%)

 

 3

1300 (10.1%)

602 (7.3%)

698 (15.0%)

 

 4

906 (7.0%)

305 (3.7%)

601 (12.9%)

 

 5

648 (5.0%)

174 (2.1%)

474 (10.2%)

 

 6

477 (3.7%)

94 (1.1%)

383 (8.2%)

 

 7+

767 (5.9%)

78 (0.9%)

689 (14.8%)

 

 Missing

17 (0.1%)

16 (0.2%)

2 (0.0%)

 

sUA levels (mg/dL)

 Mean ± SD

8.1 ± 2.0

7.6 ± 1.7

8.9 ± 2.1

< 0.001

 IQR25–75

6.8–9.3

6.4–8.7

7.5–10.1

 

sUA levels (mg/dL)

   

< 0.001

  ≤ 6

1343 (10.4%)

981 (11.8%)

362 (7.8%)

 

  > 6

7796 (60.2%)

4175 (50.4%)

3621 (77.8%)

 

 Missing

3801 (29.4%)

3130 (37.8%)

671 (14.4%)

 

Gout medicationb, n (%)

4068 (31.4%)

2245 (27.1%)

1823 (39.2%)

< 0.001

  1. Note: BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; CCI=Charlson Comorbidity Index: CKD = chronic kidney disease; CVD = cardiovascular disease; IQR = interquartile range; SD = standard deviation; sUA = serum uric acid
  2. aValues for most clinical characteristics at index date are the last value in the year prior to index date. In cases where this value is missing the following were used: smoking – closest record to index date through follow-up; BMI – closest record to index date for up to 3 years follow-up; systolic BP, diastolic BP, glucose, and creatinine – closest record to index date for up to 1 year follow-up. sUA levels were the lowest level during the 12 months prior to index date. Patients were considered positive for CVD, diabetes or hypertension if they ever received a diagnosis prior to index date, and positive for diuretic use if they purchased a diuretic in the year prior to index date. The CCI was the value at index date, 17 cases had missing values
  3. bGout medication is defined as any purchase of at least one of the following medications prior to index date: allopurinol, febuxostat, probenecid, sulfinpyrazone, or colchicine
  4. cThe chi square test, ANOVA or t-test were used to assess differences in distribution between the CKD groups
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BMC Rheumatology

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